How do supramolecular complexes typically form?

Supramolecular complexes form primarily through self-assembly due to complementary structures. This process relies on non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic effects, which enable molecules to organize themselves spontaneously into structured arrangements. The intrinsic properties of the molecules, including shape, charge, and affinity for one another, guide this self-assembly process, allowing for the formation of complex and functional structures without the need for chemical reactions or covalent bonding.

In contrast, while chemical reactions and covalent bonding can lead to macromolecular interactions, they do not characterize the dynamic nature of supramolecular assemblies. The formation of these complexes emphasizes the importance of weak non-covalent interactions that allow for flexibility and reversibility, key features of supramolecular chemistry. External environmental influences may affect the stability or interactions of supramolecular complexes but are not the primary mechanism by which they form.