What defines functional groups in organic chemistry?

Functional groups in organic chemistry are indeed defined as specific arrangements of atoms that determine the physical and chemical properties of a compound. They play a crucial role in chemical reactions and influence properties such as polarity, acidity, and reactivity. Each functional group has characteristic behaviors and reactions; for instance, alcohols contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) which imparts polarity and affects solubility in water.

The distinctiveness of a functional group allows chemists to predict how a particular organic compound will behave chemically based on the presence of specific groups. This is foundational in organic chemistry, aiding in the synthesis and identification of various substances. By recognizing and understanding functional groups, scientists can manipulate organic molecules effectively for various applications, ranging from pharmaceuticals to plastics.