Which factors can affect enzyme activity?

Enzyme activity is influenced by several environmental and chemical factors, and the correct choice highlights some of the most significant ones: temperature, pH, and substrate concentration.

Temperature plays a crucial role in enzyme activity. Most enzymes have an optimal temperature range in which they function most effectively. At elevated temperatures, the kinetic energy of molecules increases, which can enhance the rate of reactions due to more frequent collisions between the enzyme and substrate. However, if the temperature exceeds a certain threshold, it can lead to denaturation of the enzyme, resulting in a loss of activity.

pH is another critical factor affecting enzyme activity. Each enzyme has an optimal pH range where it is most active. Deviations from this optimal pH can alter the ionization states of the enzyme and substrate, potentially leading to changes in the enzyme's shape and function. Extreme deviations could denature the enzyme, just as high temperatures can.

Substrate concentration is also essential because it impacts the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. As the substrate concentration increases, the reaction rate typically increases until it reaches a maximum velocity (Vmax), where all the active sites of the enzyme molecules are occupied. Beyond this point, adding more substrate does not increase the reaction rate, indicating that the